Advancements in tuberculosis diagnostics: A comprehensive review of laboratory confirmation methods

This literature review provides a comprehensive analysis of laboratory confirmation methods for tuberculosis (TB) diagnostics. It encompasses historical perspectives and contemporary advancements, offering insights into the evolution of TB diagnosis over time. The review focuses on three primary diagnostic methods: microscopic examination, culture, and molecular techniques. Microscopic examination, initiated by Dr. Robert Koch in 1882, remains a fundamental approach in TB diagnostics. The simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and widespread applicability make it a cornerstone in preventive TB programs. Noteworthy advantages include its affordability and minimal technical qualifications, contributing to its enduring significance. Culturing methods, particularly on solid media like Lowenstein-Jensen, play a vital role in diagnosing TB. Despite the extended duration required for results, this approach boasts higher sensitivity compared to acid-fast bacilli smears. The ability to differentiate between Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and non-TB entities enhances its diagnostic precision. Recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for both adults and pediatric populations, these automated tests significantly expedite diagnosis by detecting MTB and rifampicin resistance simultaneously. Additionally, the paper discusses the MGIT 960 system, emphasizing its role in efficiently detecting mycobacteria in clinical specimens. The review evaluates the strengths and limitations of each diagnostic method, considering factors such as sensitivity, speed, and applicability. In conclusion, this literature review provides a comprehensive understanding of TB diagnostic methods, bridging historical practices with contemporary technologies. It serves as a valuable resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers involved in TB control programs globally.