The development of RBL-STEAM learning tools to enhance students’ creative thinking skills in designing ethnomathematics-based batik motifs using local (a, d)-edge antimagic coloring

Education plays a crucial role in preparing a creative and adaptive generation. In response to global challenges, the RBL-STEAM approach—which integrates research with science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics—offers a promising strategy to foster innovative thinking. This study aims to identify RBL-STEAM learning activities, describe the development process and outcomes of the learning tools, and analyze their impact on students’ creative thinking skills. Employing a research and development (Rand) method, the resulting products included student task designs, worksheets, and learning outcome tests. The development process yielded a validity score of 96.04%, with an effectiveness rate of 90.83% and a practicality score of 94.06% based on trials involving 35 students. The results revealed significant improvements in students' creativity, supported by statistical tests, visual data, NVivo analysis, and word cloud techniques. The findings indicate that the RBL-STEAM approach effectively enhances creative thinking skills, particularly in addressing problems related to local ()-edge antimagic coloring.