Challenges and strategies in developing differentiated learning-based indonesian language teaching modules: A case study at madrasah tsanawiyah Negeri 1 Bone Bolango, Indonesia

The implementation of differentiated learning in Indonesian language instruction is essential for accommodating diverse student needs within the Kurikulum Merdeka. However, teachers at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 1 Bone Bolango face significant challenges in developing effective teaching modules that align with differentiation principles. This study aims to examine the key obstacles in module development, analyze their impact on instructional effectiveness, and propose solutions for improving differentiated teaching practices. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through document analysis, interviews, and classroom observations. The study focused on Indonesian language teachers, evaluating their instructional modules and teaching strategies within the framework of Kurikulum Merdeka. The collected data were analyzed thematically to identify common difficulties in module design, assessment implementation, and instructional execution. The findings indicate that many teaching modules lack essential components such as clear learning objectives, student profiling, and differentiated assessment strategies. Teachers struggle with understanding and applying differentiation principles due to insufficient training and resource limitations. Institutional barriers, including rigid assessment policies, further hinder the effective implementation of differentiation. Addressing these challenges requires targeted professional development, standardized module frameworks, and policy reforms that support flexible instructional approaches. This study contributes to the discourse on differentiated instruction by providing empirical insights into its challenges and potential solutions in Indonesian language education. Future research should explore the long-term impact of differentiated modules on student learning outcomes and examine the role of digital tools in supporting personalized instruction.